Walking Calamity/Embodiment of Kaom causing render issues

I am running a "Walking Calamity Smith of Kitava" build, and the game simply cannot handle it.

I haven't been able to pinpoint whether a specific skill is the culprit or if the sheer "clusterfuck" the build creates is breaking the rendering. Occasionally, my screen fades to the spinning gears on a dark background while the game audio continues to play normally in the background.

My specs are:

CPU: AMD Ryzen 7 7735HS

GPU: AMD Radeon RX7700S (I was running the latest drivers, then rolled back to an older version outside the range PoE2 identifies as having loading screen issues.)

RAM: 16GB DDR5 4800MHz

Troubleshooting I've attempted:

In-game Settings: I’ve tried a myriad of configurations, from Ultra to Low, with no change.

Upscaling: I toggled FSR on and off at various levels; it made no difference.

Display Mode: I’ve switched between Fullscreen, Windowed, and Borderless with no luck.

Renderers: I attempted to switch from DX12 to Vulkan, but I cannot get any character to load on Vulkan. I left the game on a loading screen for over 40 minutes, and it never reached the hideout. Additionally, I couldn't switch back to DX12 in-game without a total crash; I had to manually edit the config.ini file to fix it.

AMD Adrenalin: I tested several options here, but the issue persists even with everything disabled.

Context: I initially thought this might be related to party play, but it happens even when playing solo. This is my second character this season; my first was a Poisonburst Arrow Pathfinder. That character had no issues—aside from the standard FPS drops the game is currently suffering—but she didn't generate nearly as many on-screen explosions as this build does.

Here is a picture of the "spinning gears" screen: